The BRICS Summit, despite expectations, and the Kazan deceleration, which was a joint statement signed after the summit, is not a game-changer but offered little of substance.

No concrete steps were taken on accepting new members in Kazan while 13 countries including Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Turkiye, Vietnam and Venezuela were announced as new partners.

Turkishe’s president Erdogan joined the summit but no consensus reached for Turkiye to become a member in the near future. India and Brazil remained critical that BRICS could become anti-Western.